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Thai tax, accounting and double tax agreements — practical answers

First-party answers on the 180-day Thai tax residence test, foreign-sourced income remitted into Thailand, personal and corporate filings, statutory accounting under the Accounting Act B.E. 2543, and claiming double tax agreement relief — grounded in the Revenue Code and Revenue Department guidance. General information only, not a case-specific tax ruling. Our staff quote fees per matter by phone, LINE or email. (19+ search topics covered)

When does someone become a Thai tax resident?

Under section 41, paragraph 3 of the Revenue Code, an individual present in Thailand for an aggregate of 180 days or more in a tax year (1 January to 31 December) is a Thai tax resident. The days need not be consecutive, and residence status is independent of visa type or work permit. Residence is the starting point for deciding whether foreign-sourced income brought into Thailand falls within Thai tax.

Is foreign income taxed in Thailand?

Section 41, paragraph 2 of the Revenue Code taxes a Thai tax resident on foreign-sourced income when that income is brought into Thailand. The Revenue Department issued Departmental Instructions Por. 161/2566 and Por. 162/2566 setting out how this is applied, covering assessable income arising from 1 January 2024 onwards. Outcomes vary with the year the income arose, the year of remittance and any treaty relief, so documents should be reviewed before filing.

How do double tax agreements help?

A DTA allocates taxing rights between Thailand and the other contracting state and can reduce withholding rates or allow a credit for tax paid abroad. Claiming relief normally requires a certificate of residence issued by the tax authority of the residence state, together with evidence of the income type. The Revenue Department publishes the list of treaties currently in force for Thailand.

Can I get a Thai certificate of residence for treaty purposes?

Yes, if you meet the Thai tax residence test and have filed Thai returns, you can apply to the Revenue Department for a certificate of residence (form R.O.22) to claim treaty benefits abroad. Supporting documents commonly include your passport with entry and exit stamps, evidence of your stay, and proof of Thai filings and tax paid.

When is VAT registration required?

A business whose VATable turnover from goods or services exceeds THB 1.8 million per year must register for VAT with the Revenue Department within the prescribed period. The current rate is 7%, maintained by royal decrees renewed periodically. Registered operators must issue tax invoices, keep input and output VAT reports, and file monthly PP.30 returns.

What are a Thai company's annual accounting obligations?

The Accounting Act B.E. 2543 requires juristic persons to keep accounts, close financial statements for each accounting period and have them audited by a licensed auditor. The statements are then approved by shareholders and filed with the Department of Business Development, while the annual corporate income tax return PND.50 is filed with the Revenue Department within the statutory deadline.

What is the Thai corporate income tax rate?

The standard rate is 20% of net taxable profit, with a half-year return (PND.51) and an annual return (PND.50). Reduced rates apply to qualifying small and medium enterprises under the royal decrees in force, and BOI-promoted activities may enjoy exemptions or reductions under their promotion certificate. Check the entity's specific status before computing.

How is land and building tax assessed?

Under the Land and Building Tax Act B.E. 2562, the local administrative organisation where the property is located collects an annual tax based on use category: agricultural, residential, other use, or vacant land. The base is the official appraised value, while rates and reliefs are set by subordinate legislation that is revised from time to time, so confirm the notice in force for that year with the local authority.
Topics covered
อนุสัญญาภาษีซ้อน (DTA): อนุสัญญาภาษีซ้อน ไทย · double tax agreement thailand · หนังสือรับรองถิ่นที่อยู่ทางภาษี R.O.22 · เครดิตภาษีต่างประเทศ · withholding tax dta rate
ภาษีธุรกิจและบัญชี: จดทะเบียนภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่ม 1.8 ล้าน · ภ.ง.ด.50 ภ.ง.ด.51 · ปิดงบการเงิน นำส่ง DBD · ผู้สอบบัญชีรับอนุญาต · corporate income tax thailand 20%
ภาษีที่ดินและอสังหาริมทรัพย์: ภาษีที่ดินและสิ่งปลูกสร้าง 2562 · property tax thailand foreigner · ภาษีจากการขายคอนโด · ค่าธรรมเนียมโอนกรมที่ดิน
Official references

Need your documents reviewed or your case assessed? Ask our team by phone, LINE, or email. We reply during business hours (Mon–Fri 9:00–18:00, Sat 9:00–15:00, ICT).

083-249-4999LINE @NYCVcontact@nycvisa.org
Work permit and employer documents for foreign nationals in Thailand
Work permit and employer documents for foreign nationals in Thailand — From actual casework by the NYC Visa & Translation team
Service Playbook

Tax documents and Double Tax Agreement (DTA) claims

Claiming DTA relief usually requires a Certificate of Residence (R.O.22) from the Thai Revenue Department together with consistent income evidence, and the translation often has to be certified before use abroad.

Documents to prepare

  • • Certificate of Residence (R.O.22)
  • • Withholding tax certificate (R.O.21) where tax paid must be evidenced
  • • Filed returns: PND.90/91 for individuals or PND.50 for companies
  • • Passport / ID and evidence of days present in Thailand
  • • Contracts or documents showing the source of income

Step-by-step process

  1. 1. Confirm residence status — Verify that the day-count threshold is met for the tax year claimed.
  2. 2. Apply for R.O.22 — File the application with the Revenue Department together with income and filing evidence.
  3. 3. Align the supporting set — Figures in the returns, contracts and payment evidence must match.
  4. 4. Translate and certify — Where the destination requires another language, certify the translation at the Department of Consular Affairs.
  5. 5. Final legalization — Apostille or destination embassy, per the receiving tax authority's rules.

Pitfalls and rejection causes

  • • The tax year on the R.O.22 must match the year claimed, or the whole file is refused.
  • • Mismatches between filed figures and payment evidence trigger requests for more documents.
  • • Some countries require their own form signed by the Thai Revenue Department, not only the R.O.22.

Tips from our team

  • • Ask the receiving tax authority first whether it wants the R.O.22 or its own country form.
  • • Allow for Revenue Department processing queues, especially early in the tax year.
  • • Keep certified copies for the following year to avoid repeating the work.

Prefer not to handle the queues yourself, or worried about a rejection? Send us photos of your documents for a free pre-check. We handle the full chain — obtaining certified copies, translation, certification and submission — and keep you updated at each step. Reach us on LINE, phone or email during business hours.

Route Comparison

Comparing cross-border tax routes

Tax residence, treaty relief, and foreign tax credits are separate mechanisms; using the wrong one leads to double taxation.

RouteWhen to useCertifying authorityApprox. durationRejection risk
Certificate of tax residence (R.O.21 / R.O.22)You must prove Thai tax residence to a foreign tax authorityThe Revenue DepartmentVariable, depending on how complete your filed returns areMissing returns for the referenced year block issuance
Claim relief under a double tax agreementYou earn income from a country with a treaty with ThailandThe Revenue Department and the counterpart tax authorityVariable, per the mechanism that country appliesAssuming a treaty exempts all tax — most allocate taxing rights or grant a credit
Refund of over-withheld taxWithholding exceeded the treaty rateThe tax authority of the withholding countryHighly variable — often several monthsMissing the refund filing deadline forfeits the claim

Timelines above are practical estimates from live casework and can change with each authority's policy; confirm with the receiving authority before booking travel. If you would rather not test routes by trial and error, our advisers can assess which route fits your case.

Advisory Service

We do not just process documents — we advise you through the whole case

Our team has worked on cross-border documents, certified translation and government liaison for over 15 years. Most rejections we see are not caused by missing paperwork but by choosing the wrong route on day one, so we always start with a case assessment.

Route assessment

We look at your destination, purpose and deadline, then tell you which certification route applies — and which steps you can skip.

Pre-submission review

Name spelling, consistency across documents, document age and translation format are checked before anything reaches a counter.

Timeline planning

We sequence the steps around your appointment or travel date and flag bottlenecks in advance.

Rejection recovery

We read the refusal reasons, identify the underlying cause, and plan a resubmission that answers what the authority asked for.

Rather not learn by trial and error? Send your case details and document photos for a review — reach us on LINE, phone or email during business hours.

Practical Q&A

Practical questions · Near me / DIY / Required documents

What is the route for Thai company documents used abroad?

Obtain the company affidavit, shareholder list (BorJor 5) or latest memorandum from the Department of Business Development, translate into the language the destination requires, then legalise at the Legalization Division of the Department of Consular Affairs. If the destination is not an Apostille Convention party, the destination country's embassy certifies last.

Must the company affidavit be freshly issued?

Most receiving authorities set a validity window counted from the registrar's issue date, commonly measured in months. Check the recipient's requirement before ordering copies: filing an out-of-date affidavit is a frequent rejection cause, and legalisation cannot revive an expired document.

How is a corporate power of attorney certified?

An authorised director signs before a Notarial Services Attorney, attaching a current company affidavit that evidences signing authority. The signed POA then goes to the Department of Consular Affairs and, where required, the destination embassy. Ask our team by phone, LINE or email for the order that applies to your country.
Practical advice & cautions

Business licensing and BOI: advice and cautions

Before you start

  • Legalise parent-company documents through the full chain

    Affidavits, financial statements and powers of attorney usually need notarisation abroad, government or embassy authentication, then Thai translation and legalisation by the Legalization Division, Department of Consular Affairs.

  • Plan licences together with work permits for foreign executives

    Thai-to-foreign staff ratios and registered capital determine how many work permits you can obtain. Design the staffing structure early to avoid emergency capital increases.

  • Consider BOI when your activity is an eligible promoted activity

    A promotion certificate carries incentives and shareholding conditions that differ from an ordinary company. Compare minimum investment, technology and employment conditions per activity before committing.

  • Treat product and premises permits as separate from the business licence

    Company registration does not authorise sales. Food, cosmetics and medical devices require FDA Thailand registration, and production or storage premises are inspected separately.

Common reasons documents get rejected

  • Foreign documents older than the accepted validity window

    Parent-company affidavits and powers of attorney often have a validity period from issue. A slow legalisation chain can expire them before filing, forcing a fresh set.

  • Filing before the premises can pass inspection

    Many licences involve a site visit. Filing without signage, floor plans or required sanitation results in a correction order and a new inspection date.

  • Using nominee Thai shareholders

    Holding shares on behalf of a foreigner without genuine investment breaches the Foreign Business Act, and the source of Thai shareholders' funds can be examined. We do not assist with such structures.

  • Ignoring post-approval reporting duties

    Most licences require periodic reporting, renewal or notification of changes. Missing these can lead to revocation even when the business operates normally.

Requirements differ by authority and destination country and can change. Confirm current conditions with the receiving authority, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.

What people search for

Frequently searched topics about BOI and business licensing

Work permits under BOI (e-Expert)
Position approval and permits via the BOI system differ procedurally from the standard Department of Employment route.
Company registration with DBD
Name reservation, memorandum filing and incorporation follow the Department of Business Development's procedure.
Foreign Business Licence
Activities in the schedules to the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 require a licence before operating.
BOI promotion privileges
Scope and conditions follow the Board of Investment's announcements for each promoted activity.

These topics reflect the rules and practice of the relevant authorities and can change. Confirm with the receiving authority, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.

Related services

What clients usually handle next

One document set often moves through several stages — translation, notarial certification, legalization and finally a visa filing. The links below follow that real sequence.

External authority references

Authority requirements change. Verify with the receiving authority before filing, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.