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Thai tax, accounting and double tax agreements — practical answers

First-party answers on the 180-day Thai tax residence test, foreign-sourced income remitted into Thailand, personal and corporate filings, statutory accounting under the Accounting Act B.E. 2543, and claiming double tax agreement relief — grounded in the Revenue Code and Revenue Department guidance. General information only, not a case-specific tax ruling. Our staff quote fees per matter by phone, LINE or email. (19+ search topics covered)

How is Thai tax residence determined?

Principally by the number of days present in Thailand in the tax year set by law, which affects the scope of income taxable in Thailand. Keep verifiable entry and exit records, and check the other country's rules too, since dual residence is possible.

What taxes arise when selling a Thai condominium?

At registration of transfer at the Land Office there is generally a transfer fee, withholding income tax computed under Revenue Code rules, and either specific business tax or stamp duty depending on holding period and the nature of the sale. Actual amounts depend on the appraised value, the sale price and the years held, so let our staff compute from the title deed or condominium ownership certificate before the transfer appointment.

When is VAT registration required?

A business whose VATable turnover from goods or services exceeds THB 1.8 million per year must register for VAT with the Revenue Department within the prescribed period. The current rate is 7%, maintained by royal decrees renewed periodically. Registered operators must issue tax invoices, keep input and output VAT reports, and file monthly PP.30 returns.

When does someone become a Thai tax resident?

Under section 41, paragraph 3 of the Revenue Code, an individual present in Thailand for an aggregate of 180 days or more in a tax year (1 January to 31 December) is a Thai tax resident. The days need not be consecutive, and residence status is independent of visa type or work permit. Residence is the starting point for deciding whether foreign-sourced income brought into Thailand falls within Thai tax.

How do I obtain a Thai certificate of tax residence?

The Revenue Department issues the certificate of residence used to claim treaty benefits such as reduced withholding tax in a partner country. Applicants normally submit the prescribed form together with identity documents, evidence of the most recent income tax filing and papers showing the foreign-source income concerned. Where the foreign payer needs a legalised English version, the certificate is then processed through the Department of Consular Affairs and, if required, the destination embassy in Thailand. Because forms and submission channels are revised from time to time, confirm the current requirements with the Revenue Department before applying.

What does a double tax agreement actually do?

It allocates taxing rights between two states, can reduce withholding on certain income types, and sets the relief method by exemption or credit. Claiming benefits usually requires a tax residence certificate and the supporting documents the Revenue Department specifies.

Do foreign employees file their own Thai tax return?

Yes. Even where the employer withholds tax, the income earner must still file PND.91 or PND.90 depending on income types, within the deadline announced by the Revenue Department for that tax year. Ask your employer for the withholding tax certificate (form 50 Tavi) as evidence. If you also remit foreign income into Thailand, treaty relief should be considered as part of the filing.

What are a Thai company's annual accounting obligations?

The Accounting Act B.E. 2543 requires juristic persons to keep accounts, close financial statements for each accounting period and have them audited by a licensed auditor. The statements are then approved by shareholders and filed with the Department of Business Development, while the annual corporate income tax return PND.50 is filed with the Revenue Department within the statutory deadline.
Topics covered
ภาษีที่ดินและอสังหาริมทรัพย์: ภาษีที่ดินและสิ่งปลูกสร้าง 2562 · property tax thailand foreigner · ภาษีจากการขายคอนโด · ค่าธรรมเนียมโอนกรมที่ดิน
สถานะผู้เสียภาษี: ผู้มีถิ่นที่อยู่ทางภาษีไทย 180 วัน · thai tax resident 180 days · เงินได้จากต่างประเทศนำเข้าไทย · ป.161/2566 ป.162/2566 · เลขประจำตัวผู้เสียภาษีชาวต่างชาติ
อนุสัญญาภาษีซ้อน (DTA): อนุสัญญาภาษีซ้อน ไทย · double tax agreement thailand · หนังสือรับรองถิ่นที่อยู่ทางภาษี R.O.22 · เครดิตภาษีต่างประเทศ · withholding tax dta rate
Official references

Need your documents reviewed or your case assessed? Ask our team by phone, LINE, or email. We reply during business hours (Mon–Fri 9:00–18:00, Sat 9:00–15:00, ICT).

083-249-4999LINE @NYCVcontact@nycvisa.org
Sample visa received by a client after filing with our team
Sample visa received by a client after filing with our team — From actual casework by the NYC Visa & Translation team
Service Playbook

Tax documents and Double Tax Agreement (DTA) claims

Claiming DTA relief usually requires a Certificate of Residence (R.O.22) from the Thai Revenue Department together with consistent income evidence, and the translation often has to be certified before use abroad.

Documents to prepare

  • • Certificate of Residence (R.O.22)
  • • Withholding tax certificate (R.O.21) where tax paid must be evidenced
  • • Filed returns: PND.90/91 for individuals or PND.50 for companies
  • • Passport / ID and evidence of days present in Thailand
  • • Contracts or documents showing the source of income

Step-by-step process

  1. 1. Confirm residence status — Verify that the day-count threshold is met for the tax year claimed.
  2. 2. Apply for R.O.22 — File the application with the Revenue Department together with income and filing evidence.
  3. 3. Align the supporting set — Figures in the returns, contracts and payment evidence must match.
  4. 4. Translate and certify — Where the destination requires another language, certify the translation at the Department of Consular Affairs.
  5. 5. Final legalization — Apostille or destination embassy, per the receiving tax authority's rules.

Pitfalls and rejection causes

  • • The tax year on the R.O.22 must match the year claimed, or the whole file is refused.
  • • Mismatches between filed figures and payment evidence trigger requests for more documents.
  • • Some countries require their own form signed by the Thai Revenue Department, not only the R.O.22.

Tips from our team

  • • Ask the receiving tax authority first whether it wants the R.O.22 or its own country form.
  • • Allow for Revenue Department processing queues, especially early in the tax year.
  • • Keep certified copies for the following year to avoid repeating the work.

Prefer not to handle the queues yourself, or worried about a rejection? Send us photos of your documents for a free pre-check. We handle the full chain — obtaining certified copies, translation, certification and submission — and keep you updated at each step. Reach us on LINE, phone or email during business hours.

Route Comparison

Comparing cross-border tax routes

Tax residence, treaty relief, and foreign tax credits are separate mechanisms; using the wrong one leads to double taxation.

RouteWhen to useCertifying authorityApprox. durationRejection risk
Certificate of tax residence (R.O.21 / R.O.22)You must prove Thai tax residence to a foreign tax authorityThe Revenue DepartmentVariable, depending on how complete your filed returns areMissing returns for the referenced year block issuance
Claim relief under a double tax agreementYou earn income from a country with a treaty with ThailandThe Revenue Department and the counterpart tax authorityVariable, per the mechanism that country appliesAssuming a treaty exempts all tax — most allocate taxing rights or grant a credit
Refund of over-withheld taxWithholding exceeded the treaty rateThe tax authority of the withholding countryHighly variable — often several monthsMissing the refund filing deadline forfeits the claim

Timelines above are practical estimates from live casework and can change with each authority's policy; confirm with the receiving authority before booking travel. If you would rather not test routes by trial and error, our advisers can assess which route fits your case.

Advisory Service

We do not just process documents — we advise you through the whole case

Our team has worked on cross-border documents, certified translation and government liaison for over 15 years. Most rejections we see are not caused by missing paperwork but by choosing the wrong route on day one, so we always start with a case assessment.

Route assessment

We look at your destination, purpose and deadline, then tell you which certification route applies — and which steps you can skip.

Pre-submission review

Name spelling, consistency across documents, document age and translation format are checked before anything reaches a counter.

Timeline planning

We sequence the steps around your appointment or travel date and flag bottlenecks in advance.

Rejection recovery

We read the refusal reasons, identify the underlying cause, and plan a resubmission that answers what the authority asked for.

Rather not learn by trial and error? Send your case details and document photos for a review — reach us on LINE, phone or email during business hours.

Practical Q&A

Practical questions · Near me / DIY / Required documents

Where do I lodge a visa application — must I go to the embassy?

Many countries outsource intake to visa application centres (VFS Global, TLScontact, BLS) with offices in Bangkok and some provinces; others accept lodgement at the embassy or fully online. Channels change by embassy announcement, so confirm the current route before booking. We can pre-check your document set and arrange appointments from any of our three offices.

Can I apply myself, or do I need an agency?

You can always apply yourself; no country requires an agent, and no agent can guarantee approval because the decision is at the consular officer's discretion. The value of assistance is assembling the file exactly to the official checklist, correct translation and certification format, and a focused cover letter.

What are the baseline documents?

Typically a passport with the validity and blank pages the destination requires, the completed application form, photos to the destination's specification, financial evidence for the stated period, proof of employment or study, travel and accommodation plans, and health insurance where required. Always follow that embassy's official checklist, as requirements differ by country.
Practical advice & cautions

Accounting, tax and payroll: advice and cautions

Before you start

  • Seek advice before large cross-border transfers

    Cross-border transactions may trigger reporting duties. Prepare source-of-funds evidence before executing the transfer to avoid later queries.

  • Retain original records for the statutory period

    Tax invoices, receipts and accounting support must be kept for the period required by accounting law and the Revenue Code. Scans alone may not satisfy an audit.

  • Confirm personal tax residency before planning

    Thai tax residency depends on days present in the tax year under the Revenue Code. Establish status first, then consider foreign-sourced income questions.

  • Map statutory duties at the start of the year

    Financial statements to the DBD, tax filings to the Revenue Department and social security contributions are separate obligations with separate deadlines. Build one combined calendar.

Common reasons documents get rejected

  • Missing statutory filing deadlines

    Late financial statements carry penalties and can affect licence renewals or the next business visa application.

  • Incomplete withholding tax certificates

    Missing withholding certificates prevent the payee from claiming credit and are a common dispute in retrospective reviews.

  • Filing on time but without supporting evidence

    Returns filed without verifiable documentation can lead to queries and later assessments.

  • Mixing personal and company accounts

    Shared accounts make business expenses hard to prove and are a frequent audit issue.

Requirements differ by authority and destination country and can change. Confirm current conditions with the receiving authority, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.

What people search for

Frequently searched topics about accounting, tax and payroll

Social security for foreign employees
Job title and salary data must align with the work permit and withholding tax records.
Filing financial statements with the DBD
This is separate from tax filing and has its own deadline; maintain one combined calendar.
Double tax agreements
Relief normally requires a certificate of tax residence from the treaty country plus documents specified by the Revenue Department.
Thai tax residency
Residency depends on days present in the tax year under the Revenue Code; establish status before planning.

These topics reflect the rules and practice of the relevant authorities and can change. Confirm with the receiving authority, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.

Related services

What clients usually handle next

One document set often moves through several stages — translation, notarial certification, legalization and finally a visa filing. The links below follow that real sequence.

External authority references

Authority requirements change. Verify with the receiving authority before filing, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.