What people search for
Intellectual property
584 topics grouped by document type and receiving authority (page 5/8) — requirements change, so confirm with the receiving authority or ask our staff by phone, LINE or email.
บริการยื่นวีซ่า 196 ประเทศทั่วโลก · ครบ 77 จังหวัด · เปิด จันทร์ – ศุกร์ 9:00 – 18:00
IP registration for an opposition filing for US authorities
US authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for German authorities
German authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for French authorities
French authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for Japanese authorities
Japanese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for Chinese authorities
Chinese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for Korean authorities
Korean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for Singaporean authorities
Singaporean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for UAE authorities
UAE authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for New Zealand authorities
New Zealand authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for Canadian authorities
Canadian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for Thai government offices
Thai government offices sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for an opposition filing for Thai Immigration
Thai Immigration sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the an opposition filing.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for Australian authorities
Australian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for UK authorities
UK authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for US authorities
US authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for German authorities
German authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for French authorities
French authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for Japanese authorities
Japanese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for Chinese authorities
Chinese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for Korean authorities
Korean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for Singaporean authorities
Singaporean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for UAE authorities
UAE authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for New Zealand authorities
New Zealand authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for Canadian authorities
Canadian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for Thai government offices
Thai government offices sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for a cease-and-desist letter for Thai Immigration
Thai Immigration sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a cease-and-desist letter.
IP registration for infringement evidence for Australian authorities
Australian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for UK authorities
UK authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for US authorities
US authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for German authorities
German authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for French authorities
French authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for Japanese authorities
Japanese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for Chinese authorities
Chinese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for Korean authorities
Korean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for Singaporean authorities
Singaporean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for UAE authorities
UAE authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for New Zealand authorities
New Zealand authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for Canadian authorities
Canadian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for Thai government offices
Thai government offices sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for infringement evidence for Thai Immigration
Thai Immigration sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the infringement evidence.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for Australian authorities
Australian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for UK authorities
UK authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for US authorities
US authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for German authorities
German authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for French authorities
French authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for Japanese authorities
Japanese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for Chinese authorities
Chinese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for Korean authorities
Korean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for Singaporean authorities
Singaporean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for UAE authorities
UAE authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for New Zealand authorities
New Zealand authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for Canadian authorities
Canadian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for Thai government offices
Thai government offices sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for a franchise agreement for Thai Immigration
Thai Immigration sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the a franchise agreement.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for Australian authorities
Australian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for UK authorities
UK authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for US authorities
US authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for German authorities
German authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for French authorities
French authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for Japanese authorities
Japanese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for Chinese authorities
Chinese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for Korean authorities
Korean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for Singaporean authorities
Singaporean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for UAE authorities
UAE authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for New Zealand authorities
New Zealand authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for Canadian authorities
Canadian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for Thai government offices
Thai government offices sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for trade secret documentation for Thai Immigration
Thai Immigration sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the trade secret documentation.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for Australian authorities
Australian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for UK authorities
UK authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for US authorities
US authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for German authorities
German authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for French authorities
French authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for Japanese authorities
Japanese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for Chinese authorities
Chinese authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for Korean authorities
Korean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for Singaporean authorities
Singaporean authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for UAE authorities
UAE authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for New Zealand authorities
New Zealand authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
IP registration for domain name rights evidence for Canadian authorities
Canadian authorities sets its own certification format and translation language; request the current requirement in writing before preparing the domain name rights evidence.
See the Q&A library for this serviceNAATI certified translationNotarial Services AttorneyCertified translationMFA legalisationEmbassy attestationPolice clearance certificateCross-border power of attorneyThai visa for foreignersOutbound visa applicationThai work permitThai immigration servicesThai permanent residence and citizenship
แหล่งอ้างอิงทางการ · Authoritative Sources
Service Knowledge Base
Trademarks, copyright & patents, and litigation in Thailand — practical answers
First-party answers on Thai trademark filings, invention/petty patents, copyright protection and proceedings before the Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court — grounded in the Trademark Act B.E. 2534, the Patent Act B.E. 2522 and the Copyright Act B.E. 2537. Fees are quoted per matter by our staff via phone, LINE or email. (18+ search topics covered)
Is copyright registration required in Thailand?
No. Under the Copyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994) protection arises automatically upon creation. The Department of Intellectual Property only accepts a copyright notification, which is prima facie evidence of claimed ownership and date, not a grant of rights. Keep source files, creation dates and signed assignment agreements as supporting evidence.
How long does copyright protection run?
The general rule is the life of the author plus 50 years from the author's death. Specific categories — works of legal entities, photographic works, audiovisual works and sound recordings — have their own statutory terms, so the work type must be identified before calculating expiry.
Which court hears IP disputes in Thailand?
The Intellectual Property and International Trade Court, a specialised court with civil and criminal jurisdiction over IP and international trade matters, including trademark, copyright and patent infringement and licensing disputes. Filing rules and jurisdiction are published by the Office of the Judiciary.
Can English-language evidence be filed as-is?
No. Foreign-language documents submitted to a Thai court must be accompanied by a Thai translation certified by the translator, per the Civil Procedure Code and court regulations. In practice the translation should mirror the terminology used in the pleadings and keep document and page numbering aligned with the original.
How should a foreign company execute a power of attorney for Thai proceedings?
It must be signed by an officer authorised in the company's certificate of incorporation, notarised (or authenticated as required in that jurisdiction), legalised by the Royal Thai Embassy or the Department of Consular Affairs as applicable, then translated into Thai with a certification of the translation before it is filed.
When is arbitration preferable to litigation?
Arbitration under the Arbitration Act B.E. 2545 (2002) requires a written arbitration agreement. It is private, allows the parties to appoint arbitrators with sector expertise, and awards are binding and enforceable through the courts. The Thailand Arbitration Center (THAC) is a commonly used institution for commercial disputes seated in Thailand.
What IP housekeeping should a brand do before selling in Thailand?
Clear the name through a DIP search before launch, file in the classes that match the actual goods or services, put assignments and licences in writing, and keep continuous evidence of use — packaging, invoices and advertising. Use evidence matters both in infringement actions and in opposition or cancellation proceedings.
What is needed to file a Thai trademark?
A prior similarity search, goods and services specified under the applicable classification, a clear representation of the mark, and applicant details matching the intended user. Foreign applicants need a local agent and a properly legalised power of attorney.
Topics covered
สิทธิบัตรและลิขสิทธิ์: ขอรับสิทธิบัตรการประดิษฐ์ · อนุสิทธิบัตร petty patent thailand · สิทธิบัตรการออกแบบผลิตภัณฑ์ · แจ้งข้อมูลลิขสิทธิ์ DIP · copyright protection thailand 50 years · pct national phase thailand
คดีความและอนุญาโตตุลาการ: ศาลทรัพย์สินทางปัญญาและการค้าระหว่างประเทศกลาง · แปลเอกสารยื่นศาล คำแปลรับรอง · หนังสือมอบอำนาจต่างประเทศ ใช้ในคดี · arbitration thailand THAC · บังคับคดีตามคำชี้ขาดอนุญาโตตุลาการ · litigation support translation thailand
เครื่องหมายการค้า: จดทะเบียนเครื่องหมายการค้า กรมทรัพย์สินทางปัญญา · trademark registration thailand · ตรวจค้นเครื่องหมายการค้าก่อนยื่น · ต่ออายุเครื่องหมายการค้า 10 ปี · madrid protocol thailand filing · คัดค้านเครื่องหมายการค้า
Official references
- สำนักงานศาลยุติธรรม (Courts of Justice) — ระเบียบการยื่นเอกสารและการใช้ล่ามในชั้นศาล
- กระทรวงยุติธรรม (Ministry of Justice)
- สภาทนายความในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์ (Notarial Services Attorney) — ผู้มีอำนาจรับรองลายมือชื่อและเอกสารแบบ Notarial Services ในประเทศไทย
- กองสัญชาติและนิติกรณ์ กรมการกงสุล กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ — หน่วยงานรับรองนิติกรณ์เอกสาร (legalization) ของประเทศไทย
Need your documents reviewed or your case assessed? Ask our team by phone, LINE, or email. We reply during business hours (Mon–Fri 9:00–18:00, Sat 9:00–15:00, ICT).
Service Playbook
Intellectual property and dispute documents
Trademark, patent, copyright and dispute-related documents used abroad must be translated with consistent technical terminology and certified along the route the receiving authority requires.
Documents to prepare
- • Registration certificate from the Department of Intellectual Property
- • Company affidavit for the rights holder (issued within 6 months)
- • Power of attorney for the local representative
- • Assignment or licence agreements where applicable
- • Supporting evidence such as proof of use
Step-by-step process
- 1. Verify the right — Confirm registration number, status and protection period against the DIP database.
- 2. Assemble corporate documents — Obtain a current DBD affidavit and confirm signing authority.
- 3. Translate with locked terminology — Apply one glossary across the whole bundle so the same term never varies.
- 4. Certify signatures and translation — Certify the authorised signature, then have the translation certified by the Department of Consular Affairs.
- 5. Final legalization — Apostille or destination embassy, depending on the receiving country's Hague status.
Pitfalls and rejection causes
- • Inconsistent technical terms distort the scope of the right and weaken your position.
- • An affidavit older than the authority's limit forces the whole set to be re-issued.
- • A power of attorney that does not cover litigation blocks the representative from filing.
Tips from our team
- • Lock a glossary from the first document and reuse it for every later filing.
- • Keep high-resolution scans of seals and signatures for reference.
- • Plan the timeline backwards from the receiving authority's deadline.
Prefer not to handle the queues yourself, or worried about a rejection? Send us photos of your documents for a free pre-check. We handle the full chain — obtaining certified copies, translation, certification and submission — and keep you updated at each step. Reach us on LINE, phone or email during business hours.
Route Comparison
Comparing IP protection routes
Registration and enforcement are different exercises, and the gap shows sharply once infringement happens.
| Route | When to use | Certifying authority | Approx. duration | Rejection risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Register a trademark or patent in Thailand | You need rights enforceable primarily in Thailand | Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce | Highly variable by right type and any opposition | Filing in classes that do not cover actual use narrows enforcement more than expected |
| International filing (Madrid or PCT systems) | You want coverage in several countries from one application | Department of Intellectual Property as receiving office, with WIPO | Variable by designated country | Each country still examines under its own law and may refuse individually |
| Infringement action or customs recordation | Infringement appears in the market or counterfeits are being imported | Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court, and Thai Customs | Highly variable | Weak evidence of use and registration puts you on the back foot from the first hearing |
Timelines above are practical estimates from live casework and can change with each authority's policy; confirm with the receiving authority before booking travel. If you would rather not test routes by trial and error, our advisers can assess which route fits your case.
Advisory Service
We do not just process documents — we advise you through the whole case
Our team has worked on cross-border documents, certified translation and government liaison for over 15 years. Most rejections we see are not caused by missing paperwork but by choosing the wrong route on day one, so we always start with a case assessment.
Route assessment
We look at your destination, purpose and deadline, then tell you which certification route applies — and which steps you can skip.
Pre-submission review
Name spelling, consistency across documents, document age and translation format are checked before anything reaches a counter.
Timeline planning
We sequence the steps around your appointment or travel date and flag bottlenecks in advance.
Rejection recovery
We read the refusal reasons, identify the underlying cause, and plan a resubmission that answers what the authority asked for.
Rather not learn by trial and error? Send your case details and document photos for a review — reach us on LINE, phone or email during business hours.
Practical Q&A
Practical questions · Near me / DIY / Required documents
Is there a service point near me?
Our main offices are Lat Phrao 95 (Bangkok), Khon Kaen and Udon Thani. We serve the whole country through scans and document courier, and can meet at city rail stations or malls. Ask our team by phone, LINE or email for the most convenient option.
Can I handle this myself?
Many steps can be done personally under the relevant authority's rules. What usually costs time is the wrong sequence, a translation format that does not match the requirement, or a source document version the recipient will not accept. Check the destination checklist before starting and ask us if anything is unclear.
Which documents should I prepare?
Generally the original document from the competent authority, the owner's ID or passport, a translation in the format the destination requires, and a power of attorney if someone acts for you. Details vary by service type — ask our team for a case-specific checklist.
Practical advice & cautions
Legal matters and litigation: advice and cautions
Before you start
Check the limitation period first
Different claims carry different prescription periods under the Civil and Commercial Code. Knowing when the clock started dictates whether to negotiate, send a demand letter, or file immediately.
Separate civil from criminal tracks early
One dispute can raise both. They use different courts, procedures and standards of proof; choosing the wrong track wastes time and cost.
Consider mediation alongside litigation
Thai courts offer mediation before and during proceedings. A compromise agreement recorded by the court is enforceable and usually far faster than a full trial.
Collect evidence in an admissible form
Chats, emails and transfer slips should preserve timestamps and identifiable parties. Foreign-language documents need a Thai translation to be used in court.
Common reasons documents get rejected
Assuming Thailand has Notary Public
Thailand has no common-law notary. Certification is performed by a Notarial Services Attorney registered with the Lawyers Council of Thailand. If your recipient insists on a Notary Public, confirm acceptance in advance.
Expecting a guaranteed outcome
No lawyer or provider can guarantee a judgment, and advertising guaranteed results conflicts with professional conduct rules. What can be assessed is risk, relevant precedent and settlement options.
Discussing the case publicly
Posting party details or allegations while proceedings are live can create separate defamation exposure and damage the underlying case.
Submitting uncertified translations
Translations used in court or before agencies must be certified by the translator, and in some cases legalised by the Department of Consular Affairs. Machine translations are commonly rejected.
Requirements differ by authority and destination country and can change. Confirm current conditions with the receiving authority, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.
What people search for
Frequently searched topics about legal and litigation work
- Foreign judgments in Thailand
- Thailand does not automatically enforce foreign judgments; a domestic action is usually considered.
- Notarial services attorney in Thailand
- Certification must be done by a lawyer registered for notarial services with the Lawyers Council under the applicable regulations.
- Power of attorney for overseas use
- Format and acceptable certifier are set by the receiving authority; obtain their form or criteria before signing.
- Civil prescription periods
- Limitation periods follow the Civil and Commercial Code and vary by cause of action; verify before filing.
These topics reflect the rules and practice of the relevant authorities and can change. Confirm with the receiving authority, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.
Related services
What clients usually handle next
One document set often moves through several stages — translation, notarial certification, legalization and finally a visa filing. The links below follow that real sequence.
- Notarial services by a licensed Thai attorneySignature witnessing, certified true copies, affidavits and powers of attorney for overseas use
- Certified document translation, all languagesTranslations for Thai and overseas authorities with a certification statement
- NAATI-certified translation for Australia & New ZealandTranslations accepted by Australian government agencies, with certifier stamp
- Thai–foreign marriage registrationAffirmation of freedom to marry, embassy certification and district office registration
- Police clearance certificateFiled with the Royal Thai Police Special Branch, with translation and legalization
- Outbound visas for Thai nationalsDocument preparation, embassy appointments and pre-submission file review
External authority references
- กองสัญชาติและนิติกรณ์ กรมการกงสุล กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ — หน่วยงานรับรองนิติกรณ์เอกสาร (legalization) ของประเทศไทย
- กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ (MFA Thailand)
- HCCH – Apostille Section (อนุสัญญากรุงเฮก 1961) — รายชื่อรัฐภาคีและสถานะการใช้ Apostille
- กรมการปกครอง (DOPA) — ทะเบียนราษฎร ทะเบียนสมรส/หย่า และหนังสือรับรองสถานภาพ
Authority requirements change. Verify with the receiving authority before filing, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.