Knowledge Base
Contracts and legal instruments
Q&A on drafting, translating and certifying bilingual contracts and legal instruments. — 2,744 questions in total (page 1/69)
บริการยื่นวีซ่า 196 ประเทศทั่วโลก · ครบ 77 จังหวัด · เปิด จันทร์ – ศุกร์ 9:00 – 18:00
What is the step-by-step process for a bilingual commercial contract (Contracts and legal instruments) to be used with Australian authorities?
There are four stages: (1) verify that the original a bilingual commercial contract was issued by the competent authority and that names, document number and dates are legible; (2) prepare the translation or certification in the format Australian authorities accepts; (3) submit for certification by a Notarial Services Attorney; (4) deliver and re-check everything before the actual filing. The most common delay is a name spelling that differs from the passport, so send a passport copy with the first submission. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Which supporting documents are needed for a bilingual commercial contract when filing with Australian authorities?
The baseline set is: the original a bilingual commercial contract (or a copy certified by the issuing office), a copy of the holder's passport or ID card, and a power of attorney if someone else acts on your behalf. If Australian authorities prescribes its own form, the entries must match the source document character for character. Submit every page, including pages that only carry a seal, because a Notarial Services Attorney certifies exactly the bundle presented. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How long does a bilingual commercial contract take before it can be filed with Australian authorities?
Three variables drive the timeline: the readiness of the original a bilingual commercial contract, the certification queue at a Notarial Services Attorney, and the intake schedule of Australian authorities. When the original is complete and no re-issue is required, drafting and certification usually run in working days, while government queues shift with filing season. We give you a realistic estimate once we have seen your documents, and we advise against booking flights or appointments before the papers are in hand. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How long does a certified a bilingual commercial contract stay valid for Australian authorities?
The certification itself does not expire, but Australian authorities usually requires civil-status documents to have been issued within a set window before filing (commonly 3 or 6 months). What counts is the issue date of the original a bilingual commercial contract, not the certification date. If your filing date is still open, obtain the original as close to filing as possible and certify afterwards to avoid repeating the work. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Into which language must a bilingual commercial contract be translated, and who certifies the translation for Australian authorities?
As a rule Australian authorities accepts a translation into the official language of the receiving country, or English where the rules allow it. Who may certify differs by destination: a translator accredited in that country, a NAATI-certified translator for Australia, or a translation certified through a Notarial Services Attorney for Thai-issued papers. The translation of a bilingual commercial contract must reproduce document numbers, seals and signatures, and mark illegible text as such rather than guessing. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How many layers of authentication does a bilingual commercial contract need before Australian authorities accepts it?
The standard chain for Thai documents is: issuing office → certified translation → a Notarial Services Attorney → the embassy or consulate of the destination country, where still required. For a bilingual commercial contract used with Australian authorities, the number of layers depends on whether the destination is an Apostille state and what form it accepts. Thailand deposited its instrument of accession to the Apostille Convention on 30 June 2026 and the Convention enters into force for Thailand on 28 February 2027 (source: HCCH). During the transition, confirm with the receiving authority whether it already accepts an Apostille or still requires embassy legalisation. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Why would Australian authorities reject a bilingual commercial contract, and how do you fix it?
Recurring causes: a name spelled differently from the passport, an original older than the window Australian authorities allows, an uncertified photocopy, a translation that drops a seal or document number, and an authentication chain done out of order. The fix is always upstream — obtain a fresh a bilingual commercial contract or have the issuing office correct the data, then repeat the chain. Never amend by hand: a Notarial Services Attorney will not certify a document altered outside the official process. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Can a bilingual commercial contract be handled for Australian authorities while I am overseas, without returning to Thailand?
In most cases yes: sign a power of attorney before a Thai embassy or consulate officer where you live, or before a local notary followed by the required onward authentication. Then courier the original a bilingual commercial contract and the power of attorney to us; we complete certification with a Notarial Services Attorney and send the file back to your address. The exception is any step where Australian authorities requires the holder to appear in person, which we check case by case. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
My name on a bilingual commercial contract differs from my passport — will Australian authorities still accept it?
Align them before filing, because Australian authorities treats the passport as the primary identity reference. Options: (1) ask the issuing office to correct a bilingual commercial contract if it is a recording error; (2) obtain a same-person certificate and have it certified through a Notarial Services Attorney; or (3) use the passport spelling in the translation with a transliteration note. Which route is accepted varies by destination, so confirm before starting. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Does Australian authorities accept a scan or copy of a bilingual commercial contract, or only the original?
Certification must always be based on the original a bilingual commercial contract or a copy certified by the issuing office. Scans are fine for an initial assessment and for drafting the translation. For the actual filing, some Australian authorities channels let you upload first and inspect originals at the appointment. The safe approach is to keep the original ready and to retain one spare certified set. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
I need a bilingual commercial contract urgently this week for Australian authorities — is that possible?
Sometimes, depending on whether the original a bilingual commercial contract is already in hand and whether a Notarial Services Attorney is running an expedited channel that week. What speeds things up most: send photos of every page for a pre-check, tell us your exact Australian authorities appointment date, and prepare the power of attorney in advance. If your deadline is not achievable we say so plainly rather than risk your appointment. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
I need several certified sets of a bilingual commercial contract for Australian authorities — how should I plan it?
Tell us the number of sets at the start, because adding sets later means running the whole chain again. We generally suggest one spare beyond what you need, since Australian authorities usually keeps the filed set. If the documents will be used in more than one country, prepare separate sets per destination — the certification format at a Notarial Services Attorney and the translation requirements can differ. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
What drives the cost of handling a bilingual commercial contract for Australian authorities?
The main drivers are the page count and text density of a bilingual commercial contract, the language pair, how many authentication layers Australian authorities requires, the number of sets, urgency, and the official fees set by a Notarial Services Attorney. We do not publish prices on the site because cases genuinely differ and a generic figure would lead to wrong planning. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How do I receive the certified a bilingual commercial contract — can it be shipped upcountry or abroad?
You can collect at the office, meet at an agreed pick-up point, or have the file shipped with tracking, domestically or internationally. For overseas shipping use a tracked service and give a recipient name matching your ID, as some countries scrutinise inbound official documents. We always photograph the finished a bilingual commercial contract set for your approval before dispatch, so you can verify it before it reaches Australian authorities. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
What is the step-by-step process for a bilingual commercial contract (Contracts and legal instruments) to be used with UK authorities?
There are four stages: (1) verify that the original a bilingual commercial contract was issued by the competent authority and that names, document number and dates are legible; (2) prepare the translation or certification in the format UK authorities accepts; (3) submit for certification by a Notarial Services Attorney; (4) deliver and re-check everything before the actual filing. The most common delay is a name spelling that differs from the passport, so send a passport copy with the first submission. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Which supporting documents are needed for a bilingual commercial contract when filing with UK authorities?
The baseline set is: the original a bilingual commercial contract (or a copy certified by the issuing office), a copy of the holder's passport or ID card, and a power of attorney if someone else acts on your behalf. If UK authorities prescribes its own form, the entries must match the source document character for character. Submit every page, including pages that only carry a seal, because a Notarial Services Attorney certifies exactly the bundle presented. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How long does a bilingual commercial contract take before it can be filed with UK authorities?
Three variables drive the timeline: the readiness of the original a bilingual commercial contract, the certification queue at a Notarial Services Attorney, and the intake schedule of UK authorities. When the original is complete and no re-issue is required, drafting and certification usually run in working days, while government queues shift with filing season. We give you a realistic estimate once we have seen your documents, and we advise against booking flights or appointments before the papers are in hand. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How long does a certified a bilingual commercial contract stay valid for UK authorities?
The certification itself does not expire, but UK authorities usually requires civil-status documents to have been issued within a set window before filing (commonly 3 or 6 months). What counts is the issue date of the original a bilingual commercial contract, not the certification date. If your filing date is still open, obtain the original as close to filing as possible and certify afterwards to avoid repeating the work. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Into which language must a bilingual commercial contract be translated, and who certifies the translation for UK authorities?
As a rule UK authorities accepts a translation into the official language of the receiving country, or English where the rules allow it. Who may certify differs by destination: a translator accredited in that country, a NAATI-certified translator for Australia, or a translation certified through a Notarial Services Attorney for Thai-issued papers. The translation of a bilingual commercial contract must reproduce document numbers, seals and signatures, and mark illegible text as such rather than guessing. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How many layers of authentication does a bilingual commercial contract need before UK authorities accepts it?
The standard chain for Thai documents is: issuing office → certified translation → a Notarial Services Attorney → the embassy or consulate of the destination country, where still required. For a bilingual commercial contract used with UK authorities, the number of layers depends on whether the destination is an Apostille state and what form it accepts. Thailand deposited its instrument of accession to the Apostille Convention on 30 June 2026 and the Convention enters into force for Thailand on 28 February 2027 (source: HCCH). During the transition, confirm with the receiving authority whether it already accepts an Apostille or still requires embassy legalisation. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Why would UK authorities reject a bilingual commercial contract, and how do you fix it?
Recurring causes: a name spelled differently from the passport, an original older than the window UK authorities allows, an uncertified photocopy, a translation that drops a seal or document number, and an authentication chain done out of order. The fix is always upstream — obtain a fresh a bilingual commercial contract or have the issuing office correct the data, then repeat the chain. Never amend by hand: a Notarial Services Attorney will not certify a document altered outside the official process. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Can a bilingual commercial contract be handled for UK authorities while I am overseas, without returning to Thailand?
In most cases yes: sign a power of attorney before a Thai embassy or consulate officer where you live, or before a local notary followed by the required onward authentication. Then courier the original a bilingual commercial contract and the power of attorney to us; we complete certification with a Notarial Services Attorney and send the file back to your address. The exception is any step where UK authorities requires the holder to appear in person, which we check case by case. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
My name on a bilingual commercial contract differs from my passport — will UK authorities still accept it?
Align them before filing, because UK authorities treats the passport as the primary identity reference. Options: (1) ask the issuing office to correct a bilingual commercial contract if it is a recording error; (2) obtain a same-person certificate and have it certified through a Notarial Services Attorney; or (3) use the passport spelling in the translation with a transliteration note. Which route is accepted varies by destination, so confirm before starting. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Does UK authorities accept a scan or copy of a bilingual commercial contract, or only the original?
Certification must always be based on the original a bilingual commercial contract or a copy certified by the issuing office. Scans are fine for an initial assessment and for drafting the translation. For the actual filing, some UK authorities channels let you upload first and inspect originals at the appointment. The safe approach is to keep the original ready and to retain one spare certified set. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
I need a bilingual commercial contract urgently this week for UK authorities — is that possible?
Sometimes, depending on whether the original a bilingual commercial contract is already in hand and whether a Notarial Services Attorney is running an expedited channel that week. What speeds things up most: send photos of every page for a pre-check, tell us your exact UK authorities appointment date, and prepare the power of attorney in advance. If your deadline is not achievable we say so plainly rather than risk your appointment. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
I need several certified sets of a bilingual commercial contract for UK authorities — how should I plan it?
Tell us the number of sets at the start, because adding sets later means running the whole chain again. We generally suggest one spare beyond what you need, since UK authorities usually keeps the filed set. If the documents will be used in more than one country, prepare separate sets per destination — the certification format at a Notarial Services Attorney and the translation requirements can differ. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
What drives the cost of handling a bilingual commercial contract for UK authorities?
The main drivers are the page count and text density of a bilingual commercial contract, the language pair, how many authentication layers UK authorities requires, the number of sets, urgency, and the official fees set by a Notarial Services Attorney. We do not publish prices on the site because cases genuinely differ and a generic figure would lead to wrong planning. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How do I receive the certified a bilingual commercial contract — can it be shipped upcountry or abroad?
You can collect at the office, meet at an agreed pick-up point, or have the file shipped with tracking, domestically or internationally. For overseas shipping use a tracked service and give a recipient name matching your ID, as some countries scrutinise inbound official documents. We always photograph the finished a bilingual commercial contract set for your approval before dispatch, so you can verify it before it reaches UK authorities. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
What is the step-by-step process for a bilingual commercial contract (Contracts and legal instruments) to be used with US authorities?
There are four stages: (1) verify that the original a bilingual commercial contract was issued by the competent authority and that names, document number and dates are legible; (2) prepare the translation or certification in the format US authorities accepts; (3) submit for certification by a Notarial Services Attorney; (4) deliver and re-check everything before the actual filing. The most common delay is a name spelling that differs from the passport, so send a passport copy with the first submission. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Which supporting documents are needed for a bilingual commercial contract when filing with US authorities?
The baseline set is: the original a bilingual commercial contract (or a copy certified by the issuing office), a copy of the holder's passport or ID card, and a power of attorney if someone else acts on your behalf. If US authorities prescribes its own form, the entries must match the source document character for character. Submit every page, including pages that only carry a seal, because a Notarial Services Attorney certifies exactly the bundle presented. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How long does a bilingual commercial contract take before it can be filed with US authorities?
Three variables drive the timeline: the readiness of the original a bilingual commercial contract, the certification queue at a Notarial Services Attorney, and the intake schedule of US authorities. When the original is complete and no re-issue is required, drafting and certification usually run in working days, while government queues shift with filing season. We give you a realistic estimate once we have seen your documents, and we advise against booking flights or appointments before the papers are in hand. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How long does a certified a bilingual commercial contract stay valid for US authorities?
The certification itself does not expire, but US authorities usually requires civil-status documents to have been issued within a set window before filing (commonly 3 or 6 months). What counts is the issue date of the original a bilingual commercial contract, not the certification date. If your filing date is still open, obtain the original as close to filing as possible and certify afterwards to avoid repeating the work. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Into which language must a bilingual commercial contract be translated, and who certifies the translation for US authorities?
As a rule US authorities accepts a translation into the official language of the receiving country, or English where the rules allow it. Who may certify differs by destination: a translator accredited in that country, a NAATI-certified translator for Australia, or a translation certified through a Notarial Services Attorney for Thai-issued papers. The translation of a bilingual commercial contract must reproduce document numbers, seals and signatures, and mark illegible text as such rather than guessing. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
How many layers of authentication does a bilingual commercial contract need before US authorities accepts it?
The standard chain for Thai documents is: issuing office → certified translation → a Notarial Services Attorney → the embassy or consulate of the destination country, where still required. For a bilingual commercial contract used with US authorities, the number of layers depends on whether the destination is an Apostille state and what form it accepts. Thailand deposited its instrument of accession to the Apostille Convention on 30 June 2026 and the Convention enters into force for Thailand on 28 February 2027 (source: HCCH). During the transition, confirm with the receiving authority whether it already accepts an Apostille or still requires embassy legalisation. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Why would US authorities reject a bilingual commercial contract, and how do you fix it?
Recurring causes: a name spelled differently from the passport, an original older than the window US authorities allows, an uncertified photocopy, a translation that drops a seal or document number, and an authentication chain done out of order. The fix is always upstream — obtain a fresh a bilingual commercial contract or have the issuing office correct the data, then repeat the chain. Never amend by hand: a Notarial Services Attorney will not certify a document altered outside the official process. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Can a bilingual commercial contract be handled for US authorities while I am overseas, without returning to Thailand?
In most cases yes: sign a power of attorney before a Thai embassy or consulate officer where you live, or before a local notary followed by the required onward authentication. Then courier the original a bilingual commercial contract and the power of attorney to us; we complete certification with a Notarial Services Attorney and send the file back to your address. The exception is any step where US authorities requires the holder to appear in person, which we check case by case. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
My name on a bilingual commercial contract differs from my passport — will US authorities still accept it?
Align them before filing, because US authorities treats the passport as the primary identity reference. Options: (1) ask the issuing office to correct a bilingual commercial contract if it is a recording error; (2) obtain a same-person certificate and have it certified through a Notarial Services Attorney; or (3) use the passport spelling in the translation with a transliteration note. Which route is accepted varies by destination, so confirm before starting. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
Does US authorities accept a scan or copy of a bilingual commercial contract, or only the original?
Certification must always be based on the original a bilingual commercial contract or a copy certified by the issuing office. Scans are fine for an initial assessment and for drafting the translation. For the actual filing, some US authorities channels let you upload first and inspect originals at the appointment. The safe approach is to keep the original ready and to retain one spare certified set. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
I need a bilingual commercial contract urgently this week for US authorities — is that possible?
Sometimes, depending on whether the original a bilingual commercial contract is already in hand and whether a Notarial Services Attorney is running an expedited channel that week. What speeds things up most: send photos of every page for a pre-check, tell us your exact US authorities appointment date, and prepare the power of attorney in advance. If your deadline is not achievable we say so plainly rather than risk your appointment. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
I need several certified sets of a bilingual commercial contract for US authorities — how should I plan it?
Tell us the number of sets at the start, because adding sets later means running the whole chain again. We generally suggest one spare beyond what you need, since US authorities usually keeps the filed set. If the documents will be used in more than one country, prepare separate sets per destination — the certification format at a Notarial Services Attorney and the translation requirements can differ. For the exact fee and turnaround for your case, please contact our staff by phone, LINE or email.
ยืนยันแหล่งอ้างอิงแล้ว
NAATI certified translationNotarial Services Attorney certificationMFA legalisationEmbassy legalisationApostille for Thai documentsCertified translationOutbound visa applicationThai visa for foreignersThai work permitCross-border power of attorneyMarriage registration with a foreignerPolice clearance certificateThai immigration filingsThai permanent residence and citizenshipThai special visa programmes (LTR/DTV/SMART)Family and marriage documentsEducation documentsCorporate documentsCorporate advisory and licensingMedical documentsVehicle and driving documentsCourt and Ministry of Justice documentsIntellectual propertyTax and double tax treatiesInterpreter servicesPickup, delivery and filing on your behalf
Practical Q&A
Practical questions · Near me / DIY / Required documents
Is there a service point near me?
Our main offices are Lat Phrao 95 (Bangkok), Khon Kaen and Udon Thani. We serve the whole country through scans and document courier, and can meet at city rail stations or malls. Ask our team by phone, LINE or email for the most convenient option.
Can I handle this myself?
Many steps can be done personally under the relevant authority's rules. What usually costs time is the wrong sequence, a translation format that does not match the requirement, or a source document version the recipient will not accept. Check the destination checklist before starting and ask us if anything is unclear.
Which documents should I prepare?
Generally the original document from the competent authority, the owner's ID or passport, a translation in the format the destination requires, and a power of attorney if someone acts for you. Details vary by service type — ask our team for a case-specific checklist.
Related services
What clients usually handle next
One document set often moves through several stages — translation, notarial certification, legalization and finally a visa filing. The links below follow that real sequence.
- Notarial services by a licensed Thai attorneySignature witnessing, certified true copies, affidavits and powers of attorney for overseas use
- Certified document translation, all languagesTranslations for Thai and overseas authorities with a certification statement
- NAATI-certified translation for Australia & New ZealandTranslations accepted by Australian government agencies, with certifier stamp
- Thai–foreign marriage registrationAffirmation of freedom to marry, embassy certification and district office registration
- Police clearance certificateFiled with the Royal Thai Police Special Branch, with translation and legalization
- Outbound visas for Thai nationalsDocument preparation, embassy appointments and pre-submission file review
External authority references
- กองสัญชาติและนิติกรณ์ กรมการกงสุล กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ — หน่วยงานรับรองนิติกรณ์เอกสาร (legalization) ของประเทศไทย
- กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ (MFA Thailand)
- HCCH – Apostille Section (อนุสัญญากรุงเฮก 1961) — รายชื่อรัฐภาคีและสถานะการใช้ Apostille
- กรมการปกครอง (DOPA) — ทะเบียนราษฎร ทะเบียนสมรส/หย่า และหนังสือรับรองสถานภาพ
Authority requirements change. Verify with the receiving authority before filing, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.