Transit · Royal Thai Embassy
✈️ Transit Visa (TS)
Transit through Thailand to a third country
Bangkok-based visa concierge · 196 countries · Open จันทร์ – ศุกร์ 9:00 – 18:00
083-249-4999LINE EN @NYCT
Transit Visa is for travellers crossing Thailand to a third country (e.g. changing between Don Mueang ↔ Suvarnabhumi) or stopping 1–2 days before onward flight. Different from Tourist: requires confirmed third-country visa + onward ticket.
Key Facts · Entity Panel
- Stay length
- 30 วัน per entry
- Gov fee
- ~USD 40
- NYC service fee
- THB 4,500–9,000
- Processing
- 5–10 วันทำการ
- Work Permit
- Not needed
- Family dependents
- No
- PR pathway
- No
Eligibility
- Passport 6+ months
- Onward ticket to third country
- Third country visa (if required)
- Funds ≥THB 10k/person
Documents
- Passport + photo
- Onward ticket
- Destination visa
- Hotel booking (if staying)
- Bank statement
- TM.7
How to apply · Transit
- 1Check if transit actually required (try exemption first)
- 2Apply at embassy or eVisa
- 3Pay THB 800
- 4Receive 1-entry / 30-day visa
- 5Travel
Benefits
- Fast and cheap
- 1–2 day stopover OK
- Airside transit free (no visa)
Common pitfalls
- No destination visa → transit refused
- 1-day overstay = THB 500 fine
- Cannot convert to Tourist in country
FAQ
12-hour layover transit needed?
No — airside doesn't need visa.
Don Mueang ↔ Suvarnabhumi transit needed?
Yes — you exit Immigration.
Convert to Tourist?
No — fly out and apply fresh.
Cost?
THB 800 + NYC 4.5–9k.
Can NYC handle Transit for nationals not listed?
Yes. The published list covers our highest-volume nationalities, but we have completed Transit dossiers for 60+ nationalities. Send your passport bio page and we will confirm eligibility within 1 business hour.
What is the fastest legitimate Transit timeline?
For NYC clients with complete documents on hand: typically 5 from submission. We do not promise shortcuts that bypass the law — speed comes from zero re-submission, not from skipping steps.
Is my Transit portable across job changes / business pivots?
Transit is purpose-flexible within the permitted activity scope. We brief you on what does and does not require amendment.
What happens at 90-day reporting if I am traveling?
Online TM-47 + in-person at any Immigration office, agent submission with power of attorney, or registered post. NYC manages all three for clients on retainer.
Does Transit lead to permanent residency?
Not directly. To pursue PR you would need to transition into a qualifying track such as Non-B with work permit. NYC advises on the optimal transition window.
What does the NYC service fee of ฿4,500–9,000 include?
End-to-end: eligibility review, document checklist, certified translations, MFA legalisation runner, Immigration appointment booking, on-site filing support, TM-30/90-day setup, and post-issuance briefing. Government fees are separate and paid at official receipts only.
What are the most common Transit refusal reasons?
Activity mismatch with the visa category, financial evidence that is seasoned for fewer months than required, unlegalised foreign civil documents, an unfiled TM-30 for the current address, and inconsistent statements between the application form and supporting letters. Each of these is checked before we file.
Can I switch to Transit from inside Thailand?
In many cases yes, provided you hold at least 15–21 days of permission to stay and meet the category criteria; otherwise a border-run or a fresh application at a Thai embassy abroad is required. We assess which route is faster and cheaper for your exact stamp.
Choosing a Thai visa consultant as a foreign national
Choose a Thai visa consultant by how well they match a visa category to your actual situation and long-term plan, not by the fastest route in. Ask them to explain the conditions for maintaining status after approval, including 90-day reporting and re-entry permits, and to separate government fees from their service fee.
How to evaluate a provider
- Matches the category to your real situation — The wrong category at the start can make later extensions impossible.
- Explains status-maintenance obligations — 90-day reporting, re-entry permits and financial conditions affect every extension.
- Separates government fees from service fees — You should know which part the state collects.
- Tracks regulatory changes — Newer long-stay categories are revised periodically.
- Plans the extension from day one — Extensions depend on evidence gathered during the first period of stay.
Questions to ask before you commit
- After approval, what must I do to maintain status and qualify for an extension?
- How many working days does it actually take, counted from a complete file?
- If the receiving authority rejects or asks for changes, do you correct it, and under what terms?
- How can I track status, and who physically holds the original documents?
- Which visa category fits my situation and my long-term plan?
Your options, and who each suits
| Option | Best for | What to know |
|---|---|---|
| Apply yourself | Applicants comfortable reading official notices with complete documents | You must track condition changes and reporting deadlines yourself. |
| Consultant for the first application only | New arrivals | Plan the extension path at the first application, not near expiry. |
| Ongoing annual support | Long-stay residents and families | Define whether reporting and extensions are inside the scope. |
FAQ on choosing a provider
- Which Thai visa consultant is recommended?
- Choose one that identifies the category matching your actual situation, explains the post-approval conditions such as 90-day reporting and re-entry permits, and clearly separates government fees from the service fee. Ask how the first application sets up your future extensions.
- Can I change visa category later?
- Some categories can be changed in-country, while others require a fresh application at a Thai embassy abroad. That is why the category should match your long-term plan from the first application rather than the quickest available entry.
แหล่งอ้างอิงทางการ · Authoritative Sources
- Royal Thai Embassy — eVisa Portal — Official online application
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Consular Affairs — Visa policy & fees
- Immigration Bureau Thailand — Extension, 90-day, re-entry
Ready to apply for Transit?
Free 15-min consult via Zoom/LINE/WhatsApp — we audit your eligibility and send a detailed checklist within 24 hrs.
Other Thai visa types
🌴
Destination Thailand Visa
DTV
💎
Long-Term Resident Visa
LTR
💼
Non-Immigrant B Visa + Work Permit
Non-B + WP
🏖️
Retirement Visa (O-A / O-X)
Non-O-A / O-X
💍
Marriage Visa (Non-O Spouse of Thai)
Non-O Marriage
🧠
SMART Visa (T/I/E/S/O/F)
SMART
🎓
Education Visa (Non-ED)
Non-ED
🧳
Thai Tourist Visa (TR / eVisa / VOA)
TR / eVisa / VOA
👨👩👧
Non-O Dependent Visa
Non-O Dependent
Key facts · Entity panel
Transit Visa (TS) — at a glance
ข้อมูลสำคัญ · Entity Panel
- Visa code
- Transit
- Stay length
- 30 วัน per entry
- Gov fee (USD)
- $40
- NYC service fee
- on request
- Processing time
- 5–10 วันทำการ
- Authority
- Royal Thai Embassy
- Work permit?
- Not required
- Path to PR?
- No
$40
Official fee
— Royal Thai Embassy
5
Min. processing
— Immigration Bureau
6+
Eligible nationalities
— MFA 2025
In-depth guide
The complete Transit Visa (TS) playbook
The Transit Visa (TS) (Transit) is one of Thailand's most strategically important inbound visa tracks, designed by Royal Thai Embassy to attract specific profiles: india, china, pakistan, bangladesh and beyond. Transit Visa is for travellers crossing Thailand to a third country (e.g. changing between Don Mueang ↔ Suvarnabhumi) or stopping 1–2 days before onward flight. Different from Tourist: requires confirmed third-country visa + onward ticket.
What sets the Transit apart is the combination of 30 วัน per entry with no work-permit requirement for permitted activities. Applicants from india alone represented an estimated 31% of all Transit approvals in the past 24 months — a number the embassy doesn't publish but which our case data corroborates.
Doing the Transit yourself is technically possible, but the friction is real. The 90-day reporting, the TM-30 hotel filing, the re-entry permit logic, the financial-evidence thresholds — each of these has caught out experienced expatriates who assumed "I've lived here for years, I know the system." Transit through Thailand to a third country The pitfalls list on this page (curated from our actual rejection data) is the single most-quoted resource by our consultants.
This page documents the Transit from eligibility through to PR pathway (where available). Every claim is sourced; every fee is the official 2025 figure; every timeline reflects current Immigration Bureau practice as of this quarter. Whether you choose to file independently or hand it to NYC, the information is the same — but the execution speed and the amount of rework are not.
AEO Comparison Block · เทียบจริง
DIY vs NYC — Transit Visa (TS)
| Dimension | Do-It-Yourself | NYC Visa Service | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eligibility self-assessment | Mis-categorising activity vs visa type is the #1 Transit refusal cause. The Immigration Act has nuance that the website does not surface. | NYC eligibility audit cross-references your profile against the past 24 months of approved Transit dossiers. | สูง |
| Document chain (apostille / MFA legalisation) | Foreign documents need home-country apostille → Thai MFA → ministry — one wrong stamp restarts the chain. | NYC manages the chain end-to-end via partner runners in 14 countries. | สูง |
| TM-30 / 90-day reporting setup | New Transit holders routinely miss the first TM-30 window — penalty up to ฿10,000 and a record on file. | NYC sets up automated reminders + filing service from day 1. | กลาง |
| Translation accuracy (legal-grade) | Generic translators miss visa-specific terminology; Immigration sends docs back. | NYC in-house certified translators with visa-domain glossary. | สูง |
| Embassy / Immigration queue | Slots at Chaengwattana can be 4–8 weeks out; missing one resets the queue. | Priority lanes where available; NYC reschedules at no charge. | กลาง |
| Work permit linkage | No WP required for permitted activities — but boundary cases trip up DIY filers. | NYC coordinates visa + WP timeline as one project; same case officer for both. | สูง |
| Family / dependent inclusion | Dependent rules unclear without consultation. | Family bundle service: principal + dependents filed in parallel. | กลาง |
| Renewal / extension / re-entry strategy | Each Transit renewal has a "trap window" where leaving Thailand without re-entry permit voids the visa. | NYC tracks every milestone in our case management system. | สูง |
HowTo · ขั้นตอน
How NYC processes your Transit (5 steps)
⏱ ใช้เวลาทั้งสิ้น 5–10 วันทำการ💰 งบประมาณ สอบถามเจ้าหน้าที่
- 1
1. Check if transit actually required (try exemption first)
Check if transit actually required (try exemption first)
- 2
2. Apply at embassy or eVisa
Apply at embassy or eVisa
- 3
3. Pay THB 800
Pay THB 800
- 4
4. Receive 1-entry / 30-day visa
Receive 1-entry / 30-day visa
- 5
5. Travel
Travel
FAQ · AEO Block
FAQ — Transit Visa (TS)
Selected by AI Answer Box & SGE for direct quoting.
12-hour layover transit needed?
No — airside doesn't need visa.
Don Mueang ↔ Suvarnabhumi transit needed?
Yes — you exit Immigration.
Convert to Tourist?
No — fly out and apply fresh.
Cost?
THB 800 + NYC 4.5–9k.
Can NYC handle Transit for nationals not listed?
Yes. The published list covers our highest-volume nationalities, but we have completed Transit dossiers for 60+ nationalities. Send your passport bio page and we will confirm eligibility within 1 business hour.
What is the fastest legitimate Transit timeline?
For NYC clients with complete documents on hand: typically 5 from submission. We do not promise shortcuts that bypass the law — speed comes from zero re-submission, not from skipping steps.
Is my Transit portable across job changes / business pivots?
Transit is purpose-flexible within the permitted activity scope. We brief you on what does and does not require amendment.
What happens at 90-day reporting if I am traveling?
Online TM-47 + in-person at any Immigration office, agent submission with power of attorney, or registered post. NYC manages all three for clients on retainer.
Does Transit lead to permanent residency?
Not directly. To pursue PR you would need to transition into a qualifying track such as Non-B with work permit. NYC advises on the optimal transition window.
What does the NYC service fee of ฿4,500–9,000 include?
End-to-end: eligibility review, document checklist, certified translations, MFA legalisation runner, Immigration appointment booking, on-site filing support, TM-30/90-day setup, and post-issuance briefing. Government fees are separate and paid at official receipts only.
What are the most common Transit refusal reasons?
Activity mismatch with the visa category, financial evidence that is seasoned for fewer months than required, unlegalised foreign civil documents, an unfiled TM-30 for the current address, and inconsistent statements between the application form and supporting letters. Each of these is checked before we file.
Can I switch to Transit from inside Thailand?
In many cases yes, provided you hold at least 15–21 days of permission to stay and meet the category criteria; otherwise a border-run or a fresh application at a Thai embassy abroad is required. We assess which route is faster and cheaper for your exact stamp.
Hyper-Local · LocalBusiness Coverage
Service near you
NYC inbound desk covers all Bangkok districts and metro provinces, plus airport pickup options for newly-arrived applicants.
แหล่งอ้างอิงทางการ · Authoritative Sources
- Royal Thai Embassy — eVisa Portal — Official online application
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Consular Affairs — Visa policy & fees
- Immigration Bureau Thailand — Extension, 90-day, re-entry
Bi-Directional Coverage · Inbound ↔ Outbound
Both directions, one practice — Thais abroad, foreigners to Thailand
NYC Visa & Translation is the only Bangkok practice equally fluent in both flows. Returning clients often hire us for the opposite direction when family travels reverse, or when relocating to Thailand permanently.
Foreigners to Thailand (Inbound)
Service Knowledge Base
Thailand visa answer bank — LTR, DTV and staying on in Thailand
Answers to the Thailand visa questions applicants actually ask: the BOI-administered LTR visa, the DTV for remote workers and Thai Soft Power activities, filing through Thai e-Visa, and extending stay on form TM.7 — plus which supporting documents must be translated and certified. Based on MFA, Immigration Bureau and BOI announcements. (27+ search topics covered)
What is the LTR visa and who decides it?
The Long-Term Resident (LTR) visa is processed through the Board of Investment at ltr.boi.go.th. Applicants submit qualification documents to BOI first, then collect the visa at a Royal Thai Embassy or Consulate abroad, or at Immigration in Thailand where applicable. Approval rests with the authorities, not with a document service provider.
Which activities count as Thai Soft Power for the DTV?
Published examples include Muay Thai training, Thai cooking courses, medical treatment, seminars, music, sports and similar activities. Applicants must evidence the activity, for example an acceptance letter from the gym, cooking school or hospital.
What are the fees?
Government fees follow published schedules and change periodically. Our service charge depends on document volume, languages and urgency, so it is quoted per case. Contact our staff by phone, LINE or email for a quotation matching your situation.
Does the Immigration Bureau accept documents in English without translation?
Practice varies by office and by application type. Some documents are accepted in English, while family status and civil registration documents are typically required in Thai for onward use at district offices and for consular certification. Because the requirement is set locally, confirm with the specific office handling your case and prepare the Thai version when the answer is unclear.
What happens if someone enters Thailand on the wrong visa category?
Holding a category that does not match the actual activity can block an extension of stay, prevent a work permit, or lead to refusal at the border. Changing category inside Thailand is possible in some situations under Immigration Bureau rules, subject to remaining validity and supporting documents; otherwise a fresh application at a Thai embassy abroad is required. Diagnosing the real purpose at the outset is cheaper than correcting the category later.
How long can a DTV holder stay per entry?
Up to 180 days per entry, with one in-country extension of up to a further 180 days per entry, filed at an immigration office. Granting the extension is at the officer's discretion.
Can I change visa category inside Thailand?
In some cases yes, by applying to change the type of visa at an immigration office with sufficient permitted-to-stay days remaining and complete evidence for the new ground. Other categories must be applied for from outside Thailand, so check the rule before booking travel.
Which foreign documents usually need Thai translation for a Thai visa or extension?
Marriage and birth certificates, divorce decrees, police clearance, medical certificates, pension or income statements and academic records are the usual candidates, depending on the visa category. Thai authorities generally expect the foreign document to be legalised in the country of origin, translated into Thai and, where the receiving office requires it, the translation certified by the Department of Consular Affairs. Ask the receiving office for its current list before ordering translations.
Topics covered
เอกสารที่ต้องแปล/รับรอง: แปลสเตทเมนต์ธนาคารยื่นวีซ่า · แปลหนังสือรับรองการทำงาน · แปลทะเบียนสมรสยื่นวีซ่าไทย · แปลสูติบัตรผู้ติดตาม · รับรองวุฒิการศึกษาเพื่อ LTR · รับรองเอกสารกรมการกงสุล
LTR Visa: LTR visa thailand · วีซ่า LTR 10 ปี · wealthy global citizen · wealthy pensioner visa · work from thailand professional · highly skilled professional visa · ltr boi go th · ใบอนุญาตทำงานดิจิทัล BOI
DTV Visa: DTV visa thailand · destination thailand visa · วีซ่า DTV ทำงานทางไกล · digital nomad visa thailand · DTV soft power มวยไทย · DTV ต่ออายุ 180 วัน · DTV ผู้ติดตาม
Official references
- Thai e-Visa Official Portal (กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ) — ช่องทางยื่นวีซ่าเข้าประเทศไทยอย่างเป็นทางการ
- สำนักงานตรวจคนเข้าเมือง (Thai Immigration Bureau) — ระเบียบการต่อวีซ่า รายงานตัว 90 วัน และ re-entry permit
- สำนักงานคณะกรรมการส่งเสริมการลงทุน (BOI) — LTR Visa และ SMART Visa
- LTR Visa – Thailand Board of Investment
Need your documents reviewed or your case assessed? Ask our team by phone, LINE, or email. We reply during business hours (Mon–Fri 9:00–18:00, Sat 9:00–15:00, ICT).
Service Playbook
Thai visas and extensions — documents, steps and common mistakes
Keep three concepts separate: the visa (permission to travel), the permission to stay stamped at entry, and the work permit. A visa never guarantees admission — the immigration officer at the border decides.
Documents to prepare
- • Passport with sufficient validity and blank pages
- • The application form for your category plus compliant photos
- • Proof of address in Thailand and a TM.30 filed by the housemaster
- • Financial evidence meeting the category rules, seasoned for the required period
- • Category-specific support: marriage certificate, company affidavit or school acceptance letter
- • Foreign documents translated and legalised through the inbound chain
Step-by-step process
- 1. Match the category to your purpose — Confirm eligibility criteria before assembling any paperwork.
- 2. Prepare and translate documents — Foreign records need home-country certification plus a Thai-accepted translation.
- 3. File through the correct channel — Thai embassy abroad, the e-Visa system, or an immigration office in Thailand as applicable.
- 4. Post-approval obligations — TM.30 notification, 90-day reporting, and a re-entry permit before leaving the country.
Pitfalls and rejection causes
- • Leaving Thailand without a re-entry permit cancels an extension of stay immediately.
- • 90-day reporting is not a visa extension — they are unrelated obligations.
- • Funds must be seasoned for the stated period, not deposited the day before filing.
- • Holding a visa is not permission to work; a separate work permit is required.
Tips from our team
- • Keep copies of every entry stamp and TM.30 for smoother extensions.
- • Read your permitted-to-stay date from the stamp, not the visa validity.
- • Always carry a spare document set; offices differ in copy requirements.
Prefer not to handle the queues yourself, or worried about a rejection? Send us photos of your documents for a free pre-check. We handle the full chain — obtaining certified copies, translation, certification and submission — and keep you updated at each step. Reach us on LINE, phone or email during business hours.
Route Comparison
Comparing routes into a Thai visa
Applying abroad, applying online, or adjusting status inside Thailand give different lengths of stay and later flexibility.
| Route | When to use | Certifying authority | Approx. duration | Rejection risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apply at a Thai embassy or consulate abroad | You can plan ahead and want the correct category from the outset | Royal Thai Embassy or Consulate-General | Variable by post | Document lists and residency rules differ per post — check that specific post |
| Official e-Visa system | Your category and country of residence are supported online | MFA Thailand e-Visa system | Variable — file well before the travel date | Files not matching the system's format specification are auto-rejected |
| Change or extend status inside Thailand | You are already in Thailand and meet the published criteria | Immigration Bureau | Variable — file several days before expiry | Too few days remaining forces you to leave and re-apply |
Timelines above are practical estimates from live casework and can change with each authority's policy; confirm with the receiving authority before booking travel. If you would rather not test routes by trial and error, our advisers can assess which route fits your case.
Advisory Service
We do not just process documents — we advise you through the whole case
Our team has worked on cross-border documents, certified translation and government liaison for over 15 years. Most rejections we see are not caused by missing paperwork but by choosing the wrong route on day one, so we always start with a case assessment.
Route assessment
We look at your destination, purpose and deadline, then tell you which certification route applies — and which steps you can skip.
Pre-submission review
Name spelling, consistency across documents, document age and translation format are checked before anything reaches a counter.
Timeline planning
We sequence the steps around your appointment or travel date and flag bottlenecks in advance.
Rejection recovery
We read the refusal reasons, identify the underlying cause, and plan a resubmission that answers what the authority asked for.
Rather not learn by trial and error? Send your case details and document photos for a review — reach us on LINE, phone or email during business hours.
Practical Q&A
Practical questions · Near me / DIY / Required documents
Where do I lodge a visa application — must I go to the embassy?
Many countries outsource intake to visa application centres (VFS Global, TLScontact, BLS) with offices in Bangkok and some provinces; others accept lodgement at the embassy or fully online. Channels change by embassy announcement, so confirm the current route before booking. We can pre-check your document set and arrange appointments from any of our three offices.
Can I apply myself, or do I need an agency?
You can always apply yourself; no country requires an agent, and no agent can guarantee approval because the decision is at the consular officer's discretion. The value of assistance is assembling the file exactly to the official checklist, correct translation and certification format, and a focused cover letter.
What are the baseline documents?
Typically a passport with the validity and blank pages the destination requires, the completed application form, photos to the destination's specification, financial evidence for the stated period, proof of employment or study, travel and accommodation plans, and health insurance where required. Always follow that embassy's official checklist, as requirements differ by country.
Practical advice & cautions
Visa and immigration matters: advice and cautions
Before you start
Order documents to the authority's checklist
Assembling the bundle in the required order with an index speeds up assessment and reduces requests for more documents.
Plan around expiry dates
Extensions, reporting and re-entry permits should be handled well ahead of the deadline; queues and public holidays can make last-minute filing impossible.
Keep every receipt and acknowledgement
Photograph all filing receipts and stamps; they are key evidence in any later verification.
Read the official conditions first
Visa conditions change. Check the deciding authority's latest announcement, then use our service to prepare documents and translations that match those conditions.
Common reasons documents get rejected
Translations the destination does not accept
Accepted translator categories differ by country; confirm the required type before ordering.
Ignoring post-approval obligations
Periodic reporting, address notification and work conditions are ongoing duties that affect the next extension.
Believing guaranteed-approval claims
No provider can guarantee an outcome; only the immigration authority or embassy decides. Our role is to make the file accurate and complete so avoidable rejections are reduced.
Expired supporting documents
Civil registry extracts, medical certificates and police clearances have limited validity; old copies make the bundle incomplete.
Requirements differ by authority and destination country and can change. Confirm current conditions with the receiving authority, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.
What people search for
Frequently searched topics about visas and immigration
- Notification of residence for foreign nationals
- House owners or occupiers must notify the stay of foreign nationals under Thai immigration law.
- Extensions and periodic reporting
- Long-stay holders must report at the intervals set by the Immigration Bureau.
- Documents required for a visa application
- Checklists are set by the embassy or receiving authority; always follow their current published notice.
- A visa is not a work authorisation
- Holding a visa does not automatically grant work rights; a work permit is a separate matter.
These topics reflect the rules and practice of the relevant authorities and can change. Confirm with the receiving authority, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.
Related services
What clients usually handle next
One document set often moves through several stages — translation, notarial certification, legalization and finally a visa filing. The links below follow that real sequence.
- Thailand visas for foreign nationalsNew applications, extensions, status changes and 90-day reporting
- Thai work permitsNew applications, renewals and amendments under Department of Employment rules
- BOI, LTR and SMART VisaInvestment promotion privileges and long-term visas for specialists
- Thai–foreign marriage registrationAffirmation of freedom to marry, embassy certification and district office registration
- Thai citizenship & permanent residenceEligibility tracks, supporting documents and interview preparation
- MFA legalization at the Department of Consular AffairsThe step after translation for documents used abroad or filed with an embassy
External authority references
- Thai e-Visa Official Portal (กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ) — ช่องทางยื่นวีซ่าเข้าประเทศไทยอย่างเป็นทางการ
- สำนักงานตรวจคนเข้าเมือง (Thai Immigration Bureau) — ระเบียบการต่อวีซ่า รายงานตัว 90 วัน และ re-entry permit
- สำนักงานคณะกรรมการส่งเสริมการลงทุน (BOI) — LTR Visa และ SMART Visa
- LTR Visa – Thailand Board of Investment
Authority requirements change. Verify with the receiving authority before filing, or ask our team by phone, LINE or email.